Patient Education And Epidural Pain Management Essay Example for Free

longanimous Education And Epidural Pain Management EssayThe full term annoying pertains to a sensation that is communicated by the sensory neurons that are located around the human body to the brain. This sensation is described as an unpleasant tone of voice that is for the closely part related to a form of damage to a particular tissue in the body. Pain thus activates a specific physical and psychological reaction that tends to find a mechanism to terminate the unpleasant feeling. The ability to sense hurt serves as the bodys warning system that informs us of any form of injury to our bodies. Pain is cosmopolitanly described in terms of its intensity and its duration. Intensity can be expressed through a range of descriptors from slight to agonizing, while the duration of agony may be depicted as constant or intermittent. Other characteristics that are commonly sedulous to describe discommode include sharp, dull, throbbing and nauseating. The threshold of pain varies among individuals hence a numeric rating scale, with rating from 1 as the least untellable situation to 10 as the most painful check over, has been employed for a more specific quantification of pain in diligents.The numeric rating scale identifies train 4 as the cut-off score for pain that impedes an individual from performing his normal functions (Krebs et al. , 2007). In order to relieve an individual from pain, pain circumspection is much housed at hospitals and clinics. In cases wherein the unhurried role only suffers from acute pain, temporary medications are commonly administered to correct the medical problem. However, if the unhurried is experiencing chronic pain that is related to a condition that is currently being treated or is still undiagnosed, pain conduits are often put up to alleviate the sensation of pain in the patient.These conditions loosely include cancer and neuropathy, wherein the pain is distinguished from the major medical condition of the patien t. Pain management commonly employs that formation of pharmacologic drugs such as analgesics and pain modifiers. In addition, some other non-pharmacologic discourses may in any case be provided, which as usually interventional methods such as physical therapy, heat or cold compression and psychological therapy.One of the major interventional methods for pain management involves the administration of epidural anesthesia anaesthesia analgesia, which is provided through the introduction of a catheter into the epidural space which is the space between the spinal anaesthesia pile and spinal canal. The effect of the injection of pain medications is to essentially remove the pain that the patient is experiencing by inhibiting further conduction of pain signals along the nerves or the spinal cord. Epidural analgesia is considered as a common technique for pain management because aside from reducing the pain felt by the patient, it also promotes vasodilation of melody vessels.Such result is actually a side-effect of epidural analgesia, yet it still benefits a patient if he has been diagnosed with a peripheral vascular medical condition. In addition, the utilization of epidural analgesia extends the effect of the pain medications for several days, instead of just a few days. In specific conditions that have associated pain such as childbirth, epidural analgesia is the favored pain management regimen because it does non cause any changes in muscle movement or power and it still retains its main(prenominal) role in pain conditions that may or may not require surgery.Epidural analgesia is also commonly used as an accessory to general anesthesia to decrease the patients need for opioid analgesics. Its use as an adjunct pain management scheme has been applied in a wide-eyed range of surgical procedures including hysterectomy, hip replacement, laparoscopy and open aortic aneurysm repair. Epidural analgesia is commonly used as the primary method for surgical ane sthesia especially is caesarean section sections, which keeps the patient conscious during the entire surgical obstetric procedure (Halpern et al. , 2004).However, in such situations, the amount of anesthesia administered is generally much higher that what is usually employed for analgesia. Post-operative pain management may also involve epidural analgesia for the first few days after the procedure, which involves the introduction or retention of a catheter. There are certain situations when the patient is allowed to regulate the amount of pain medications that will be passed through the catheter. Such patient-controlled analgesia makes use of an infusion pump which the patient himself controls.Epidural analgesia is also used as remedy for back pain, as salubrious as for palliative care. It has been established that epidural analgesia is most effective for the treatment of pain in specific regions such as the abdomen, pelvic and legs. This pain management technique is less effecti ve in treating pain in chest, come or arms, and is not effective for pain treatment in the head. It has been proven that epidural analgesia is more effective in relieving pain than endovenous narcotics and has been identified as the second most frequently used pain medication (Leighton and Halpern, 2002).Majority of women who give birth in hospitals are usually given only cardinal options with regards to pain management, namely epidural analgesia or intravenous narcotics. It should be personal credit lined that alternative pharmacologic treatments for pain are also available, such as nitric oxide and paracervical blocks. In addition, thither are also doulas and continuous get support, which typically requires less medical treatment and results in better outcomes with regards to the health of the mother and child.Also, these women are generally more satisfied with the results they observed after such alternative treatments. However, these alternative options are generally much m ore expensive (Simkin and OHara, 2002). It is interesting to note that even though epidural analgesia is reported to be significantly effective and common treatment for pain during child labor, there are a moment of major side-effects that are associated with such use. It has been reported that epidural analgesia prolongs labor for an extended and considerable duration.In addition, its administration also influences the need for operative vaginal lurch and increases the chances for perineal laceration (Lieberman and ODonoghue, 2002). It has also been observed that the administration of epidural analgesia during obstetric procedures causes the mother to run a fever, which then results in the provision of antibiotics to the newborn child, as comfortably as monitor for symptoms and signs of sepsis in the infant. To date, great controversy envelopes the issue of whether epidural analgesia increases the risk of delivering a baby through Caesarean section as well as induces difficulty during labor.Research surveys show that most women have not been educated with regards to the possible side-effects of epidural analgesia (Declercq et al. , 2002). Hence the role and need for patient nurture has been an issue of close scrutiny in the past 5 years. Specific medical and non-medical groups have expressed their concern over the risks and benefits of epidural analgesia. More importantly, there has been concern that such type of patient bringing up of pain management regimens should be given during pre-natal visits, and not during the actual labor stage of pregnancy.Hence, there is an pressing need to determine the amount of information that mothers know in relation to pain management and epidural analgesia because this option strongly influences the behavior of the newborn child, the breastfeeding conditions and the bonding between the mother and infant. In the United States, the dominant delivery method is composed of the induction of labor, administration of epidura l analgesia, constant electronic fetal monitoring and Caesarean section. It has been analyzed that when the frequency of epidural analgesia is high, the alternative methods for childbirth are usually not available in the medical institution.These include sessions in childbirth education, doulas, non-pharmacologic pain management regimens, as well as the provision for nurses especially trained in assisting in medication-independent childbirth. Hence what is observed now in most of the hospitals are labor stages that are mainly supported by epidural analgesia and parenteral analgesics. In addition, medical healthcare professionals providing labor support are often overworked due to the huge number of delivery cases in a week.The issue of the shortage of nurses in the healthcare industry has also complicated the problem on the usage of epidural analgesia in hospitals. There are certain obstetricians who prefer to maintain a patient at labor that is supported by an intravenous line in o rder that they still find time to monitor their other patients in the hospital. It has been considered that the availability of healthcare professional during a patients labor and delivery is a luxury. More so, the inability to provide epidural analgesia to a patient during labor has often been a topic that has frequently been investigated in court malpractice cases.The importance of patient education with regards to epidural analgesia as the pain management scheme is thus very important in order to provide the patient with more than the regular two pain management choices that could be administered during her delivery. Patient education should also include the provision of information on the Caesarean delivery, wherein the patient moldiness be able to carry adequate knowledge to know that it is her right to request for a Caesarean delivery even when it is normally not recommended if there are no maternal or fetal complications for childbirth.There has been controversy with regards to the competence of smaller hospitals to could not universally provide epidural analgesia. It is unfortunate to know that not a single medical organization supports the concept of establishing a wide range of support methods during labor and pain management schemes, which is strongly associated with patient education and choice. In other countries, Caesarian delivery is the preferred delivery method by women because they are aware the other forms of labor and delivery schemes are not associated with sufficient medical care and attention (Behague et al. 2002).At the same time in the United States, women perceive that epidural analgesia is the repair and effective method for pain management. Actually, family mendeleviums are not the main healthcare professionals that are responsible for the unbelievably high rates in the use of epidural analgesia during labor and childbirth. This medical professional observes when the patient is experiencing pain during labor and he put acrosss t his condition to the attending nurses, who in turn, will communicate the information to the anesthesiologist.Such relay of message from the patient to eventually the anesthesiologist is generally comprised by a simple nod from the family physician, which then triggers a battery of messages that eventually end with the administration of epidural analgesia to the patient. Such translation of patient pain to epidural analgesia administration is actually inappropriate and this is where patient education related to epidural analgesia comes into the picture. It is actually the family physician responsibility to educate his patient with regards to the choices in pain management.Instead of having a family physician that advocates epidural analgesia because it provides him freedom to look at his other patients while a particular patient is in labor, the family physician should be an advocate for the patient herself. Patient education entails spending time to t for each one and coach his pati ent which pain management schemes are currently available, as well as describing to the patient the effectiveness, side-effects and complications of each pain management scheme. The patient should also be educated of the limitations of each of the available pain management options.It is also ideal that the patient knows that she has the right to choose which pain management scheme she wants to receive, but this can only be done if the patient has sufficient understanding of pain management. It is also ideal that family physicians learn more of the details of the other alternative methods in managing pain. It has been observed that such patient education regarding pain management choices are important so that the patient has knowledge of what to expect during the actual medical procedure (Marmor and Krol, 2002).Patient education also involves the explanation of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA), which is a labor and delivery pain management option that uses bupivacaine wit h or without opioids. The theory behind PCEA is that the patient can personally adjust the amount of epidural anesthesia that is needed to remove the pain he is experiencing. Such option for pain management often results in a high degree of patient satisfaction because it allows the patients to be free of the uncomfortable sensation of pain, as well as provide a way for the patient to feel a sense of control over the entire hospital procedure (Standl et al. 2003).It is thus important the patient education be provided to a patient, in order for him to understand the entire scenario of the procedure as well as to help him draw an image of the expected events that could unfold during his stay at the hospital. PCEA is currently in high demand because the patients often want a quick solution to the pain they are experiencing. In addition, these patients are not patient enough to wait for the next round of administration of pain killers when they are experiencing constant pain.It is also essential that patient education in relation to epidural analgesia essential explain that PCEA is inefficient during the first stages of labor and thus a higher concentration of epidural analgesia is needed to relieve the patient from pain. Patient education also diminishes the expectations of patients that PCEA always results in the complete removal of the feeling of pain when they choose PCEA. Knowledge and understanding of epidural analgesia will thus result in patient satisfaction in terms of pain management.Patient education as related to epidural analgesia also includes a description of the possibility that an extensive spinal block in the positioning of the catheter may happen (Bernard et al. , 2000). This event often results in the decrease in the motor abilities of the legs and that once the patient observes this, he must inform a healthcare professional immediately for medical attention. In addition, patient education should also alert the patient that the catheter emplo yed in epidural analgesia has a chance to migrate within the blood vessels, which is also known as intravascular migration.Such event is associated with a slower rate of infusion of analgesia which in turn generates systemic effects. The patient should also be educated with regards to the toxicity of epidural analgesia. Providing patient education in relation to epidural analgesia often results in patient satisfaction because the patient has a better understanding of the mechanisms and principles behind the pain management scheme, as well as its similarity and difference to other pain management options, such as continuous epidural infusion (CEI). Patient education also involves explanation on the receptors that are involved in controlling pain.These include the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) which acts in the central sensitization of the patient. Simple explanations regarding antagonists that decrease the sensitization for pain without reducing hemodynamic or respiration activity shou ld also be included, and the other options that results in negative physiological effects such as opioids should also be described. The provisions for instruction is especially important to patients that suffer from pain due to general musculoskeletal tumor resections and those that have other medical conditions that are related to wakefulness and full orientation.There are also options in combining a N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist such as dextromethorphan with PCEA, which often circumvents the issue of sedation in PCEA (Weinbroum et al. , 2004). Reports have described that such combination generally results in better feelings of well-being in the patient. Dextromethorphan is relatively safe for orthopedic oncological patients who are commonly administered massive dosages of analgesics.There has also been reported the patients could not distinguish the feeling of PCEA and dextromethorphan, although there is a significant difference in a lack of inhibition of motor abilitie s using this combination. CONCLUSION This report suggests that patient education in relation to epidural analgesia results in patient satisfaction. Patient education generates a better understanding of the principles and mechanisms behind pain management schemes. In addition, the patient is given the right to reject or accept epidural analgesia based on his own comprehension that was earlier provided by the healthcare professional.Patient education also supports a PCEA setting that improves analgesia, as well as patient satisfaction during labor. This supports a better setting for the patient himself and decreases the need for pull through analgesia. Also, the increase in analgesia consumption can also be controlled through patient education, thus minimizing the side effects that are generated by particular pain killers. More importantly, patient education removes the discontent and disappointment that the patient may experience from insufficient knowledge and understanding of epid ural analgesia.

Personal Identity Essay Example for Free

Personal Identity EssayWho am I? Descartes make out was simply I am a mind (sum res cogitans). Descartes arrived at this answer by introspection by looking inside himself.David Hume offered a superior critique of the idea that one can find ones self through introspection. When I turn my reflection on myself, I neer can perceive this self without some one or more perceptions nor can I ever perceive anything but the perceptions. It is the composition of these, in that respectfore, which forms the self. (Treatise, Appendix)In other words, we have no direct knowledge of or experience of the self we only if have knowledge of particular sensations, memories, and so on. We must suppose that there is something that underlies or bundles together these sensations, and that is the self.Personal IdentityWhen philosophers talk about personal identity, they are asking how it is that two distinct persons can be the same.Lets have persons a and b. Suppose a = you (aged 16) and b = you (n ow). What makes you remain the same person?You are the same person over time because you have the same soul (dualism), also, if and only if you have access to the same store of memories, if there is a continuity of your organism (Animalism) and if and only if you have the same brain view over time.

Torsional, Axial and Lateral Bottom Hole Assembly Vibrations

Torsional, Axial and Lateral Bottom Hole Assembly VibrationsExperimental investigation of torsional, axial and askant bottom ambuscade assembly vibrations1. IntroductionIntroductionThe oil and gas industry is one of the largest and the most globalized industry in the world. Petroleum products include plastics, fuels, ointments and galore(postnominal) more. With ontogenys in world population, consumption and demand of petroleum products brace increased. Primarily petroleum products are apply as brawn sources. With an increase in demand, different, unlawful sources are being explored. Drilling in itself is a composite transition repayable to the unknown formations in the world. A hole is drilled in the earth with a bit, and tubulars are attached to it to pass on axial force and rotation. The tubulars are hollow through which the oil production fluid is circulated to extract the cut rock. Once the hole is drilled, the bit and tubulars are taken out, and a larger tubular is pushed slash the hole and cemented just about the annulus to stop the hole from caving in. The process is the same as drilling a water well merely with greater depth, pressures, temperatures and complexities. Some of the oil and gas sources are too deep or too complex to be explored, barely with advanced technological development in drilling, extended reach, multilateral and horizontal wells, it is now possible to extract unconventional oil and gas.VibrationsWhen an entity oscillates most its equilibrium draw a bead on, the entity is said to be in vibration. In most of the cases vibrations are undesirable, as they cause harm to the system and dissipate energy. When force or energy is imparted to a system, vibrations occur. In absence of external annoyance, the vibrations are called free vibrations. Systems in state of free vibrations oscillate with natural frequencies, which are dependent on the properties of system. With the nominal head of external excitation, vibrations experienced by the system are called forced vibrations. Vibrations become increasingly large and are most damaging when the excitation frequency is end to one of the natural frequencies. This phenomenon is called resonance. When there is an energy dissipation from the system in terms of heat, sound, friction or either other method, the resulting vibrations are called damped vibrations.The drillstring assembly is a very long, slender system prone to excessive vibration due to the various forces acting on it. Primary forces on the BHA are contortion due to rotation and bit rock interaction, axial forces due to gravity and lateral forces due to bending of the long thermionic vacuum tube and hitting the walls of the borehole.Types of Drillstring VibrationsDrillstring vibrations are categorized ground on the forces acting on it, which are Torsional, Axial and Lateral forces. These forces correspond to the three types of vibration 1) Torsional vibrations, 2) Axial vibrations and 3) Lateral vibrations.Torsional Vibrations Drillstring is rotated from the surface to provide torsion or shear force to cut the rock.3. Experimental SetupA lab-scale drilling semi was constructed for the purpose of competing in Drillbotics International Student Competition. OU Drillbotics team participated and win the competition in 2015. The bud bum restrictions limited the quality and quantity of sensing elements attach on the rig. The rig was upgraded in 2016 with the additional compute. The following sections describe the rig setup and followors installed, dividing them ground on the systems (i) plant Structure, (ii) Hoisting System, (iii) Rotary System, (iv) Circulation System, (v) Measurement, Instrumentation and Control System and (vi) Drillstring Assembly.Rig StructureRig Structure consists of three major parts sub expression, mast and locomotion block.Rig SubstructureIn- tin built structures have been found to be signifi fagtly cheaper than readymade structures in the market. Moreover, the former provides flexibility in the selection of dimensions, load valuations and design styles. This substructure was designed to pass through doors, so the rig could be used for future educational purposes. The rig substructure was constructed using 1 square-iron tubing with overall dimensions of 84 x 27 x 36. To allow rig mobility, five commercial grade caster wheels were installed, each with load capacity of 1000 lbs. A 47 x 27 shelf made of thick iron cerement was added for installation of circulation system and galvanising box. This left the rig with a topographic point of 37 x 27 x 36 to accommodate the rock sample.3.1.2 MastA mast of force outtilever design was constructed out of Aluminium, as shown in Fig. 3.1.Figure 3.1 Rig mast laid down on the substructure topConstructing the mast with aluminium reduced the weight by 2.5 times to that made by steel. A 10-inch-wide C-Channel was sustentationed by two 90 angle bars. The base was attached to the table with hinges for reclining and easy transport of the rig.3.1.3 change of location BlockThe travelling block slides on a pair of linear guide rails attached to the mast. Linear roller bearings or pillow blocks attached to the back of the travelling block provide near serene motion. Two horizontal plates were bolted on the vertical plate. The upper plate acted as a mount for the AC motor and lower plate supported the pivot. A crookedness sensor was placed in between motor son of a bitch and swivel. The total weight of the travelling block was measured to be 77.72 lbs.Figure 3.2 Travelling Block Assembly3.2 Hoisting SystemHoisting system components include a double acting air cylinder, pneumatic lines, a couple of pneumatic convertors (Fig. A.1 and Fig. A.2) and a crocked air supply line. Regulated compressed air-line up to 130 pounds per square inch was hooked up to the pneumatic convertors. Two pneumatic lines from the convertors of maximum capacity one hundred twen ty psi controlled the air descend and attached to the inlet ports of the dual acting piston. Dual acting air piston has a 1.125 inch bore and a 36-inch stroke length. The system has a capacity to hoist a load of 119.28 lbs.3.3 Rotary SystemA top drive system was installed with a 1 HP motor and a maximum rpm of 1170 on the motor mount of the travelling block. The motor shaft is connected to the omega torque sensor via a escape coupling. The torque sensor has a rotating shaft to shaft configuration with an operating speed of 5000 revolutions per minute. The torque sensor is connected to the swivel via another(prenominal) spring coupling. The swivel was designed and fabricated in-house with pressure rating of 300 psi and brass outer body for corrosion resistance. The chrome plated rod is wear-resistant to the lolly of the seals. Swivel rod is attached to an adapter at the base of the bottom plate. A four bolt flange mounted ball bearing prevents any load from being transmitted to the rotary assembly.3.4 Circulation SystemIt is important to remove cuttings from the hole to drill further ahead. To accomplish this, water, oil and foam based drilling fluids were taken into consideration. Water from the city line without any additives was chosen as drilling fluid after taking cost of a closed grummet system for recirculation and cost of additives and base fluids into story. It was withal assumed that the motion of drilling fluid on drillstring vibrations was negligible.A roller affection with a pressure rating of 300 psi was installed to circulate the water down the drillstring assembly. A 1.5 HP 3-phase motor powers the pump. The Omega digital display flow meter, which was installed after the pump, can oversee flowrate up to 15 GPM. Pressure monitoring is done by a pressure transducer of rating 500 psi. Pressure fluctuation of up to 50 psi was observed due to intermittent flow supplied by the roller pump. A pressure dampener was built with spare coupling s and installed upstream to the flow meter. This provided smooth and permanent flow. An analog pressure gauge was mounted atop the dampener to monitor fluctuation. Rubber hose with a pressure rating of 300 psi connects the flow meter with the swivel. Drilling fluid from the swivel then flows into the drillstring and comes out of the bit nozzles and out of the hole through the annulus. As the drilling fluid is just water, it is passed down the sewer line along with the cuttings and not recirculated.3.5 Measurement, Instrumentation and Control SystemThe Measurement, Instrumentation and Control system is the most important system in the automatise rig. The sensors are mounted on the rig at various places for different functions. They provide analog selective information to the data acquisition faculty Omega DAQ-3001. An electrical box is mounted at the bottom shelf for shielding the card and other signal conditioners from electrical interference. The data from the DAQ module transfe rs into the desktop computer, which is installed on the rig structure for control of the automated rig and storage and display of data. Excel-based VBA programme is used for the operation of the rig.3.5.1 Measurement SensorsFollowing are the sensors installed on the rig to monitor performance of the rig and drilling process.3.5.1.1 Displacement Laser SensorAn aluminum ransack is attached to the top of the travelling block with a reflective attach stuck on it. A Banner laser sensor is mounted about 0.5 inches above the travelling block on the mast. It can measure maximum switching up to 3.93 inches with an accuracy between 0.019 inch to 0.039 inch.3.5.1.2 Lateral Vibration Laser SensorTo measure lateral vibrations of the drillstring, an xyz laser sensor is used. It can measure duration from 1.57 inch to 6.29 inch with an accuracy of less than 20 micrometer. The sensor was earlier mounted on an aluminium plate attached to the travelling assembly. But the strip was long and excess ive vibrations due to bit rock interaction caused the strip to fluctuate at high amplitude, providing inconclusive and erroneous data. Hence the mounting structure was made of a square iron tubing to give a sturdier structure. The vibration amplitude was then reduced and could be observed only at excessive vibrations due to higher(prenominal) rpm and WOB.3.5.1.3 Optical RPM SensorAn LED-based, reflective type optical RPM sensor, which can measure up to 15000 RPM, is mounted on the cage of swivel. Reflective tape is stuck on the spring coupling between the swivel and torque sensor. The sensor is mounted at an angle so that the reflective area increases for better measurement.3.5.1.4 Torque SensorIt is assumed that torque measured by the torque sensor is the torque due to bit-rock interaction. An Omega rotating shaft to shaft torque sensor has been mounted above the swivel with a torque rating of 64 inch-pounds.3.5.1.5 Axial Vibration SensorAn axial vibration senor is installed at t he bottom plate of the travelling block adjacent to the flange mounted ball bearing. The VBT-1 vibration sensor has a micro-electro-mechanical system which sends a potential difference proportional to the vibration velocity to the data acquisition module. It measures vibration velocity from 0-25 mm/sec.3.6 Drillstring AssemblyThe drillstring assembly comprises of 3 parts, Aluminum pipe, bit sub and bit.The pipe is made of Aluminum 6061 with an OD of 0.375 inch and a thickness of 0.035 inch. Both ends of the pipe have 3/8 NPT male compression fittings attached on it. It is connected on one end to 3/8 NPT female brass adapter which is connected to the swivel rod and other end is connected to 3/8 NPT female bitsub.The bit sub is made out of stainless steel for corrosion resistance. It has 3/8 female NPT threads on both ends. A roller sleeve with OD of 1.1 inch and ID of 0.9 inch is slide upon the bit sub to act as a stabilizer and provide smooth rotation. It has a counter bore to plac e constriction of various sizes to change pressure drop in the system.The bit is fabricated in house using stainless steel round bar and machined to replicate the baker huges bit provided for the competition. The cutters were bought from vendors and the OD of the cutters available was 0.5 inch. They are made out of carbide as contend to the diamond cutters provided and also wears down faster. The cutters are screwed on the cutter faces and are replaceable.4. MethodologyThis chapter describes the procedure of the experiments performed and the data imperturbable. It also talks about some assumptions, sensor calibration and data analysis.4.1 Experimental ProcedureThe rig and all its components are powered on and the Excel program initiated. The program has a separate sheet which takes the variables of the data-based run as an input. The only variables changed for the set of experiments are RPM and WOB. Another variable, which is the height at which the string starts to rotate was al so been varied but it did not have any effect on the data.A pilot hole of 1.25-inch diameter and 1-inch depth was drilled into the rock sample using a coring bit and hammer-chisel to insert a guide shoe in the hole. The 6-inch long guide shoe acted as a borehole wall and prevented bit walking. employ a level indicator, the rock sample was adjusted to be horizontal.The drillstring was the attached to the swivel adapter and rig was then slid over the rock to align the drillstring and the guide shoe. Using the leveling screws the rig was jacked up to be horizontal.The inlet air pressure line and water line were opened up. Once all experimental variables were set, the program was initiated using the Start button. The first step of the program was to hoist the travelling block to the topmost position. At this point a safety bar used to keep the travelling block hoisted was taken away. The travelling block slowly lowered down and once the bit was inside the guide shoe, top-drive motor an d pump motor got activated and string started to rotate along with water pressurized inside the pipe. The bit gradually touched the rock and drilling process began.A psychometric test run was carried out to check if the systems were working properly and data was being collected. A couple of millimeters were drilled during the trial run so that the hole got initiated. after(prenominal) a trial run, experimental runs were carried out. Each experiment was run for 6 min and halt using the Stop button in the program. The pump stopped pumping fluid and drillstring stopped rotation. Travelling block was gradually lifted up to the topmost position. After that new experimental variables were set and the next run was carried out.Experiments were performed on 2 different rock samples. First set on a very hard and compacted sandstone and the other on a very well-heeled unconsolidated sandstone. UCS of the hard sandstone ranged from 6000 to 9500 psi while UCS for the wacky sandstone ranged f rom 2000 to 5000 psi.4.2 data, Collection and AnalysisData was continuously collected by Omega data acquisition system module and stored in an excel sheet. The data of interest were WOB, RPM, Torque, Axial Vibrations, Lateral Vibrations and ROP. Different plots were generated against variables of interest to observe dependency and behavior of the variable under investigation.4.2.1 WOB and RPM DataWOB is an independent variable with respect to our investigation. WOB was measured using a load cell attached to the back travelling block connecting the piston. The calibration of WOB was carried out in the following procedure. The rig was slid on a weighing scale. A set number of values were entered for voltage sent to the bottom pneumatic convertors. A regular voltage of 2 volts was sent to the top pneumatic convertor to provide a unremitting pressure of 20 psi resistance against erratic live and to provide a constant friction between piston and cylinder walls in either direction. Re ading on the weighing scale was recoded as WOB. initially the WOB calibration was performed in a passive condition. It was observed that WOB reading during the experiment was different than the expected values based on calibration. It was assumed that the change of conditions from static to dynamic was the cause of difference. Hence to simulate dynamic conditions while calibration, rig was constantly hammered down with a mallet to cause the rig to vibrate and negate static friction. The stabilized reading on the scale was used for calibration. But hammering still did not replicate the vibrations happening during the drilling process and hence the WOB measurement by the load cell was different from expected based on the calibration. Hence average value of the WOB was calculated for complete experimental run and considered as the WOB which is being exerted on the rock for cutting process.The average WOB observed had a change of 19.9 % to -20.6 % from the expected input values. In act ual drilling process, the WOB is never constant. As the drilling proceeds the WOB decreases and driller lowers the drill string to increase and maintain the set WOB. Hence a 20 % change from the set point is acceptable.RPM data was obtained from the optical RPM sensor which was calibrated using a handheld RPM sensor. At lower RPM the error was around 8 % and at higher RPM it lowered down to 0.5 %. So at lower levels the set point was decreased by 4 to set for the error.4.2.2 Torque, Axial and Lateral Vibration DataA rotating shaft to shaft torque sensor was placed in between the motor and swivel with a spring coupling on each end. Torque was calibrated using a torque wrench. When run at idle conditions without any drilling action, torque reading obtained was assumed to be friction. That extra torque of 1.114 inch pounds was assumed to be a side force or the friction inside the swivel and other rotating parts such as the flange mounted ball bearing.A laser translation senor was at tached to the mast to detect the magnitude of lateral vibrations. It was aimed at the center of the drillstring such the pipe was always in range of the laser. The laser sensor was kept 4 inches away from the center of pipe. NPT connections are inherently non coaxal and causes non-alignment of pipe. The pipe wobbled due to non-alignment and it oscillated far and near to the sensor. Hence there was a negative and a positive value for displacement. The most negative value of the displacement was used as a reference zero and complete data was shifted towards positive with -0.24165 inch as a reference zero. Greater the magnitude, pipe traveled farther away from the sensor indicating higher lateral vibrations.An axial vibration sensor was attached to the bottom plate of the travelling block. It had micro-electro-mechanical system inside to detect the vibration speed and send a proportional voltage signal for measurement. The sensor came calibrated from the manufacturer and it had a dir ect vibration-velocity to voltage relationship provided by the manufacturer.4.2.3 ROP dataROP was directly calculated by the program by dividing the depth drilled by the time it took to drill and stored in the Excel sheet. As the sternly sandstone was difficult to drill the sensor could not measure any significant change in drilled depth along with the vibrations of the assembly and the error in measurement. Hence ROP data for Hard sandstone is not taken into consideration. Soft sandstone data was collected and analyzed for effect of vibrations and other parameters.4.3 Data AnalysisData was collected from the point where the bit touches the rock to the point when the program was stopped. All experiments were run for 6 minutes in which an average of 100 data points were collected in an excel sheet. An average of those data was calculated and stored. Average values of torque, axial vibrations and lateral vibrations were plotted against RPM and WOB separately. A trend of data was anal yzed based on the plots. With increase of RPM, change of torque, axial and lateral vibration was observed. Same practice was carried out for WOB. The plots are shown in Appendix B.5. Results and DiscussionsTorsional VibrationsHard Sandstone Looking at the plots (Fig. 5.1), with an increase in RPM at constant WOB, torque gradually increases. At around 300 RPM, there is a sudden increase in some cases which then decreases. This behavior is unexpected and no conclusion has been found for the reason for the abnormality. It can be assumed that there would be some abnormally hard layer during drilling due to which such an increase is observed as no such trend was observed in the uniform cushiony sandstone. But general trend is a gradual increase in torque with an increase of RPM at constant WOB. No rhythm of torque was observed indicating absence of stick-slip.Figure 5.1 Torque vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on hard sandstoneAt constant RPM, with increase in WOB there is a gradual increase in torque (Fig. 5.2). No specific trend for RPM is observed as some of the low RPM cases also have higher torque than high RPM cases.Figure 5.2 Torque vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on hard sandstoneSoft sandstone law-abiding the plot for slow sandstone (Fig. 5.3), a gradual increase in torque was observed with increase in ROM at constant WOB. No oscillation of torque was observed indicating absence of stick-slip.Figure 5.3 Torque vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on soft sandstoneThere is a clear and diaphanous trend for increase in torque with increase in WOB at constant RPM (Fig. 5.4).Figure 5.4 Torque vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on soft sandstoneLateral VibrationsHard Sandstone Plot (Fig. 5.5) shows that there is a gradual increase of torque with increase in RPM at constant WOB.Figure 5.5 Lateral Vibrations vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on hard sandstoneNo general trend is observed for initial low WOB experiments (Fig. 5.6). With increase in WOB the lateral vibrations decreased in low RPM case and increased in high RPM cases.Figure 5.6 Lateral Vibrations vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on hard sandstoneSoft sandstone There is a general trend of increase of lateral vibrations with increase in RPM (Fig. 5.7) but it is not as significant as in hard sandstone.Figure 5.7 Lateral Vibrations vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on soft sandstoneThe data is too befuddled to find a general trend for effect of WOB on lateral vibrations at constant RPM (Fig. 5.8). However, the trend at higher WOB shows a decrease in lateral vibrations. This can be attributed to the stiffening of the pipe due to higher axial load OR the pipe is solidification and misaligned is making it bend more on the sensor side decreasing the deflection.Figure 5.8 Lateral Vibrations vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on soft sandstoneAxial VibrationsHard Sandstone Axial vibrations follow a similar trend to torque (Fig. 5.9). With an increase in RPM, axial vibrations increased. Similar to the trend for torque, some cases have abnormally high vibration magnitude at 300 RPM which can be attributed to abnormally hard layer of formation.Figure 5.9 Axial Vibrations vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on hard sandstoneFollowing the general trend axial vibrations increased with an increase in WOB at constant RPM (Fig. 5.10).Figure 5.10 Axial Vibrations vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on hard sandstoneSoft sandstone With increase in RPM, axial vibrations increased (Fig. 5.11). However for soft sandstone the trend do not resemble the trend in torque. In fact, it resembles more to the trend in ROP (Fig. B.10). There is a sudden increase in axial vibrations at 700 rpm and then it decreases gradually.Figure 5.11 Axial Vibrations vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on soft sandstoneThe data is too scattered to find a general trend for relationship b etween WOB and axial vibrations (Fig. 5.12).Figure 5.12 Axial Vibrations vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on soft sandstone5.4 Effect on ROPHard Sandstone No significant data available for any analysis.Soft sandstone ROP increases with an increase in RPM at constant WOB (Fig. 5.13). It peaks at around 700 RPM and then it decreases.Figure 5.13 ROP vs. RPM plot at constant WOB for experiments on soft sandstoneAt higher RPM, higher WOB has an increased effect on ROP (Fig. 5.14). But no dependence of WOB can be seen at lower values of RPM.Figure 5.14 ROP vs. WOB plot at constant RPM for experiments on soft sandstone6. Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusionsAt constant WOB, with increase in RPM, increase in lateral vibrations in hard sandstone is higher than in soft sandstone which indicates that lateral vibrations also depend on type of formation.Axial vibrations are highly dependent on torque. No matter what RPM, WOB or the formation type is taken into account if there a change in torque, corresponding change will be observed in axial vibrations.WOB has less effect on excitation of axial vibrations in soft rocks and more effect in hard rocks. Hence the setpoint WOB should be decreased for drilling into hard rocks.RPM of 700 is the highest RPM which can be used to obtain highest ROP without taking the increased vibrations into account. Increase of RPM further lowers the ROP which can be attributed to such increased vibrations and velocities that the bit does not get enough time to contact and drag the rock surface.6.2 Recommendations and Future WorkAlthough the design of the rig was optimized, there is always room for improvement. With an increase in budget and limited design constraints, the rig can be constructed better. Following are the recommendations for upgrading the rig.The software program used for the control algorithm can be upgraded to Labview or Dasylab which are more user friendly for programming the automation and control architechtur e.Using Labview or Dasy lab will allow to operate on a faster computer with a recent operating system which will help in faster data collection and storage.A vibrating element can be attached to the travelling block when WOB calibration is performed so that error due to change in friction values can be negated.The spring couplings attached to the torque can be upgraded with a higher torque rating to prevent failure at higher vibrations.A stable support structure for the torque sensor and laser deflection sensor can be provided.If the bit can be obtained or manufactured with diamond cover cutters, then a set of experiments can be designed where relationship could be examined between RPM, WOB and the depth of cut.Forward and backward whirl characterization experiments could be performed with improved sensors for detection of whirl rates.Hammering action can be included in the drilling action and its effect on ROP, lateral vibrations, torque and axial vibrations could be analyzed.Refe rencesBraun, Simon G. Ewins, David J. Rao, Singiresu S.. (2002). Encyclopedia of Vibration, Volumes 1-

Manage Sex Offenders Effectively Psychology Essay

Manage Sex offenders Effectively Psychology EssayThe armorial bearing of this essay is to provide a historical overview of the developments on the lay on the line judicial decision of sex offenders literature, focusing specific tout ensembley on the advances in this atomic number 18a of research. Firstly, a definition of encounter will be provided, followed by the aims of essay appraisal and an example of the practical implications of inaccurate seek assessment. Subsequently, this essay will outline four generations of run a risk assessment for sex offenders, which were inspired on Bontas (1996) three generations of risk assessment. Particular regard will be given to the third and fourth generations, since these are the ones that chew over the recent advances in risk assessment.Due to the heterogeneity inherent to the c erstwhilept of internal offenders, and beca go for most of the risk assessment tools take been developed and validated on adult male sexual offenders (C raig Beech, 2010), only instruments used with this sub-group will be discussed in this essay.As stated by Hart, Laws and Kropp (2003), the definition of risk is not straightforward. For the place setting of this essay, risk will be conceptualised as the probability of an offender being reconvicted for a sexual or violent offence. Risk assessment has deuce principal(prenominal) aims. The first one is predicting the likelihood of re offend of an individual, and the second one is guiding risk management, including the identification of risk factors associated with the offending behaviour and the selection of appropriate treatment programmes. inexact prediction of risk batch have serious consequences such as prolonged incarceration, in event of overestimation, or the release of dangerous offenders, in case of underestimation of risk (A. R. Beech, Craig, Browne, 2009).Clinical JudgementThe first generation of risk assessment procedures will be called Clinical Judgement. This is an ideographic approach, according to which the practitioner relies on his/her professional experience to evaluate the individuals characteristics and make a decision regarding the risk he poses. However, the processes through which a practitioner reaches a decision are seldom easily observable and are not easy to replicate (A. R. Beech, 2001).Structured assessment toolsThe subjectivity inherent to clinical judgement led to the development of much structured assessment tools. Actuarial gradations are the most widely used structured instruments for risk assessment of sexual offenders.The most commonly used risk tools with adult male sexual offenders are the RRASOR (Rapid Risk discernment for Sexual Offense Recidivism Hanson, 1997) SACJ (Structured Anchored Clinical Judgement Grubin, 1998 Hanson Thornton, 2000) Static-99 (Hanson Thornton, 2000) RM 2000 (Risk Matrix 2000 Thornton et al., 2003) and the SORAG (Sex Offender Risk Appraisal scat Quinsey et al., 1998).For the purpose of this essay, only some particular(prenominal)ities of each tool will be discussed. The RRASOR is simple and easy to use. The fact that it was designed using data from seven antithetic follow-up studies makes it to a greater extent comprehensive than other tools. It was designed to screen offenders into levels of risk. The SACJ open fire be used with missing data, is brief and easy to use. However, it has been stated that it works purify as a predictor of non-sexual offences (Craig, Browne, Beech, 2008). Static-99 is a combination of RRASOR and SACJ. It is the most commonly used risk tool with adult sex offenders (Hanson Morton-Bourgon, 2009) and it is intended to measure long-term risk potential. The RM 2000 has two counterparts sexual and violent. It is widely used in British Prison and Probation Services (Hanson Morton-Bourgon, 2009). The SORAG was designed to predict at least one reconviction of a sexual offence. It measures both violent and sexual recidivism.Although the prognosticative accuracy of these tools commonly outperforms clinical judgement (Grove, Zald, Lebow, Snitz, Nelson, 2000), several limitations have also been pointed. Is has been argued that the unruffled temper of actuarial measures makes it impossible to identify the psychological factors underlying risk and hence provides no guidance for treatment and case management (Craig, Browne, Beech, 2008). Further much, because actuarial tools are derived from base order which are officially recorded as reconviction, the probabilities will underestimate true offence rates. The reason for this being, for instance, the high number of underreporting of sexual offences (Janus Meehl, 1997) and the fact that some sexually motivated offences are recorded as violent offences (Corbett, Patel, Erikson, Friendship, 2003). In addition, sub-groups of sexual offenders, like sexual offenders with learning disabilities, should not be assessed with the use of actuarial tools that have not been deve loped specifically for these populations, since different sub-groups will have different base rates (Craig Beech, 2010).Also, we should take into floor what is called the statistical fallacy, according to which group data are used to make decisions on a single individual. This practice has its dangers since the practitioner might disregard unusual factors that are relevant to a particular case (A. R. Beech, Fisher, Thornton, 2003) . Finally, actuarial instruments do not estimate long-term risk since they are based on un mutable, historical static factors, taking no account of changeable, energising risk factors that might indicate imminent risk (A. R. Beech, Fisher, Thornton, 2003).Dynamic approaches to risk assessmentThe statement presented by Hart, Laws and Kropp (2003) is illustrative of the contention around the public emolument company of actuarial tool. The main reason for this being that these tools recreate probabilities of recidivism, not a certainty (A. R. Beech, Fi sher, Thornton, 2003), which are based solely on historical factors.This debate encourage researchers to developed instruments which additionally integrate factors that account for the context in which offences occur, and that are amenable to change. These factors have been named dynamic risk factors or criminogenic needs (Andrews Bonta, 2003).A momentous landmark in the research of dynamic risk factors was the development of a deviancy construct (A. R. Beech, 1998) which led to the creation of a system named STEP (Sex Offender interposition Evaluation Project Beech, 1998). This framework is used by Probation Services to categorise child molesters into high or low deviancy groups (A. R. Beech, Fisher, Thornton, 2003 A. R. Beech, 1998) . Evidence for significant differences between these two groups has been found by Fisher, Beech and Brown (1999) and by Beech and Ford (2006). Moreover, a six years follow-up study suggested that deviancy contributes independently to prediction o f reconviction once static risk factors had been considered (A. R. Beech, Erikson, Friendship, Hanson, 2002). It can then be suggested, that categorisation of sexual offenders into high and low deviancy groups not only informs treatment options, but it also adds to the predictive value of static risk factors.Another marker in risk assessment literature was the differentiation between two types of dynamic risk factors motionless and acute risk factors (Hanson Harris, 2001 Hanson Harris, 2000). Stable dynamic risk factors are those which represent relatively persistent characteristics of the individual that can be changed through therapy (Craig Beech, 2010). Acute dynamic risk factors are rapidly changing factors that are useful in predicting imminent risk (Craig, Browne, Beech, 2008). From this research, the authors created the SONAR (Sex Offender Need Assessment Ratings) which has been developed into the stalls and ACUTE scales (Hanson Harris, 2000). These scales, as the nam es suggest, rate stable and acute dynamic factors. The ACUTE scale has the particularity of including a unique factor at the end, which can be any factor that might trigger offending behaviour. It might be, for instance, contact with a specific person that elicits a strong emotional reply in the offender. This factor illustrates the changeable, contextual nature of these scales, emphasising the importance of addressing individual differences and idiographic characteristics.Thornton (2002) reported a further innovation in risk prediction with sexual offenders. He suggested that dynamic risk factors fall within four domains sexual interest, distorted attitudes, socio-affective functioning, and self-management (Thornton, 2002). This categorisation has been standardised in a measure called SRA (Structured Risk Assessment Thornton, 2002) which is a risk/need instrument. It can be operationalised through structured clinical ratings, leaving open the question of how to best score needs. T he IDA (Initial Deviance Assessment) has been routinely used in HMP services as part of SARN (Structured Assessment of Risk and Need, Thornton, 2002), which is a version of the SRA.In order to score the dimensions mentioned above, the practitioner usually gathers education from several sources such as psychometric tests, clinical interview and self-report scales. Sexual interests in specific, have been commonly measured by physiological measures such as the plethysmograph (PPG), response-time based measures, and the polygraph (A. R. Beech, Craig, Browne, 2009). However, these measures have been criticised on several grounds. It has been suggested that they are intrusive, lacking construct validity and standardisation (Williams, 2003). It has also been suggested that individuals can use countermeasures to suppress arousal (Laws, 2003). In order to tackle these limitations, some authors have suggested the use of the Multiphasic Sexual Inventory (MSI Nichols Molinder, 1984) as a rel iable way of measuring psychosexual characteristics (Craig, Browne, Beech, Stringer, 2006 Grady, Brodersen, Abramson, 2011). The use of MSI to measure sexual interests might be considered an advance in risk assessment research. It seems to add objectivity and standardisation to physiological measures, and it is ethically more appropriate.Thornton (2002) tested the digest three aspects of the forge (distorted attitudes, socio-affective functioning, self-management) with a sample of child molesters and also replicated the results with rapists, showing that the dynamic risk factors tested in the lesson were predictive of sexual offending independent of static factors (Craig, Browne, Beech, 2008). One again, this provides evidence for the importance of including dynamic factors is risk assessment tools.At this point in the history, the static and dynamic approaches to risk assessment have never been clearly integrated into a single tool (A. R. Beech Ward, 2004 Olver, Wong, Nichol aichuk, Gordon, 2007). The development of a tool named VRS-SO (Violence Risk Scale Sexual Offender version Wong, Olver, Nicholaichuk, Gordon, 2003) does this integration, representing an important advance in risk assessment of sex offenders. This tool incorporates static and dynamic risk factors, also comprising treatment planning and the measure of treatment change, within a single tool for assessing risk in sexual offenders. It has been suggested that this tool has good inter-rater reliability, concurrent validity, and that total scores were predictive of sexual recidivism. It has also been suggested that the dynamic scale made significant contributions to the predictive value of the tool after controlling for static risk (Beggs Grace, 2010).We now move to a point where the importance of integrating, static and dynamic risk factors, alongside information for case management is recognised. However, risk assessment tools have been constructed through statistical compend and the application of meta-analysis to identify which risk factors are mostly correlated to future recidivism. It has been suggested that this work is atheoretical and reductionist in the extent that it lacks a strong theoretical downplay and focuses too much on specific factors of risk (Beech, A. Ward, T., 2007).Multi-factorial approachesEfforts to integrate risk within a theoretical framework mark the fourth generation of risk assessment.One of the most promising multi-factorial approaches to risk assessment of sexual offenders has been presented by Beech and Ward (2007) as the Etiological Model of Risk. The main aim of this posture is to incorporate the conceptualisation of risk within an etiological and developmental framework based on current theories of sexual offending (A. R. Beech Ward, 2004). The model starts by including developmental factors such as rejection and attachment problems, which can increase vulnerability to sexually abuse. This first step of the model is theoret ically based on marshall and Barbarees Integrated theory of sex offending (Marshall Barbaree, 1990). It is then proposed that developmental factors might impact on vulnerability trait factors. These are composed by static factors and stable dynamic risk factors. In this model static factors are seen as historical markers for psychological dispositions (stable dynamic risk factors). As follows, triggering/contextual risk factors such as victim access behaviour, non-cooperation with supervision and hostility (previously described by Hanson and Harris (2001) as acute factors) impact on the vulnerability factors. These vulnerability factors are then expressed into transient states of high-risk, since they are reflective of an individuals psychological state (eg. physiological arousal and affective states). This chain of events, moving gradually from distal factors to more imminent, contextual factors, places individuals at an overall level of risk (Beech, A. Ward, T., 2007).This appr oach to risk assessment has several practical implications. As a starting point, it encourages practitioners to consider a wider range of risk factors, enabling objective case formulation, which will link closely to each domain of risk (Beech, A. Ward, T., 2007) . Additionally, the reformulation of acute and stable dynamic factors into more psychologically meaningful terms enables the practitioner to contextualise risk into theoretical frameworks that explain the process of offending as a gradual sequence of events (A. R. Beech Ward, 2004).Also, this model addresses individual differences to a greater extent than other models of risk assessment. This approach perceives the offender as a changeable organism, who is shaped by early developmental experiences, psychological traits and more transient states and will respond to environmental stimuli accordingly.Moreover, this approach also has heuristic value, proposing ways in which research could be conducted to develop this model fur ther. However, for the purpose of this essay, these suggestions will not be explored (see (Beech, A. Ward, T., 2007) for more details).The MARA model (Multiaxial Risk Appraisal Craig, Browne, Hogue, Stringer, 2004) was developed taking into account a number of developments in the risk assessment literature, also representing a considerable advance in the area. This model structures risk-related information into three main domains risk scales, psychopathology and empirically direct clinical assessment, from which an overall estimate of risk can be made. It provides a more global assessment of risk by considering both idiographic (the singularity of individuals) and nomothetic (general traits of personality) properties. The MARA encourages the use of actuarial methods as a way of providing estimates of risk within specified time-periods, considers the use of psychometrics to assess psychological constructs and suggests the use of empirically guided clinical assessment (functional analysis) as a method of monitoring acute changes. Furthermore, this approach encourages an efficient management of risk, taking into account all the factors cited above (Craig, Browne, Beech, 2008) . Such as the etiological model, this approach aims to investigate risk of recidivism from different trajectories, allowing a more global assessment. However, it is not yet known whether adding idiographic factors actually enhances or undermines predictive accuracy (A. R. Beech, Craig, Browne, 2009) . Hence, until further testing, this model of risk assessment must be used with caution.Nevertheless, both the etiological model of risk and MARA can be described as comprehensive approaches to risk assessment, which offer a broad range of topics which are relevant for an accurate assessment of risk. Regarding the practical utility of these approaches, this essay argues that even though it might not be possible to address all the areas of risk in intervention due(p) to effective management of resources, practitioners using these models would have a wide conceptualisation of the risk posed by individuals, and which areas would be more relevant to address at a specific point in time.As a final remark in the advances in risk assessment, this essay would like to highlight the utility of the Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) model (Andrews Bonta, 2003) . This model emphasises the importance of accurate risk assessment, in order to provide the right degree of intervention suggests a focus on the changeable risk factors presented by individuals and encourages practitioners to consider factors that may affect or impede an individuals response to treatment.As means of conclusion, and referring back to the statement in discussion (Hart, Laws, Kropp, 2003) it can be stated that throughout time risk assessment has moved to being a more understood and certain process than it when the assessment of risk was based on intuition.In an attempt to confer objectivity to this procedure, se veral researchers developed statistical-based, standardised approached such as actuarial tools. Thereafter, the limitations of these tools, and mainly their static nature led researchers to explore the dynamic, changeable factors related to risk and developing several useful tools. At this point it was also felt necessary to construct tools that cognizant case management. As proposed by Harkins and Beech (2007), it was crucial to account for risk level to an extent that it could also influence success of treatment. The most recent advances employed multi-factorial, broad models of risk which perceive risk assessment as an ongoing process, which needs to consider idiographic, historical and contextual factors. Furthermore, the RNR model provided useful guidelines for risk assessment of sexual offenders. Applying the principles of this model to exiting assessment tools has the potential of not only conferring more certainty to this process, but also to influence treatment outcomes.T his essay suggests that multi-factorial models, together with RNR principles, represent a step forward in moving risk assessment from a probability to a more certain science. This could potentially lead to a decrease in inaccurate prediction of risk, further decreasing the consequences that it involves, such as putting society at risk or unnecessary pecuniary expenses. It also goes without saying, that enhancing risk assessment tools is an everlasting effort, which is far from being finished.

The Leadership Of Youth In Nation Building Education Essay

The Leadership Of young person In Nation Building didactics EssayINTRODUCTIONThe term rural ara lay downing is usu everyy used to refer to the constructive process of engaging all citizens in building favorable unity, economic prosperity and political stability in an inclusive and democratic demeanor.A republic is built come to the fore of the human intellect. This means that a land stack non be built without the recognition and the collective efforts of all citizens, skilled and unskilled, young and sure-enough(a). Young people be a crucial segment of a areas precept. Their contributions, therefore, are highly needed. Young people are kind actors of change and as the saying goes, The spring chicken are not further the leaders of tomorrow, but likewise the partners of right away. It is swell up known that the most vibrant section of every association is the young. Therefore, the younker realize the responsibility of being at the fore-front of any even out exercise. youth is that period when a man is full of faculty, ambitions and zest for life. The power possessed by youth is a recognised force today. The power or the energy understructure be used for both constructive and destructive purposes. Whenever there is unrest in a country, political forces use youth for their further egoistical interests 1.Youth Leadership skills are relevant to young peoples in-person development, as well as their role within a group. On a personal level, youth experiences gain insight into themselves. This helps them analyze their strengths and weaknesses and set personal and vocational goals. On a group level, youth develop the ability to work with other(a)s to name a divided up vision and to draw on the talents, skills, and energy of others.The task of nation building is very challenging and can be divided into phases. Everyone can contribute towards it according to his or her capabilities. The young people should be made to understand a specific project and its importance to the society. They should be wedded a suitable direction so that they can work hard for its fulfilment. This go forth make them satisfied by the corporealisation that they dupe been assigned roles in the nation building. They would be arised to work sincerely for the welfare of the society and the country.Every citizen, including the youths, should always have it at the back of their mind that nation building is a collective effort of all citizens in constructing a desired country. No contribution is withal small or too big. It must also be noted that nation building starts from the community level up to the national level.LEADERSHIPS IN NATION DEVELOPMENT FORWARDING TO 1 MALAYSIA AND VISION 2020The young, according to off-white S. Buck (a Nobel Laureate in literature) do not know enough to be prudent, and therefore they attempt the im realizable, and achieve it, generation after generation. Youth is that mud which can be melded in either shape one wants. In our belief, this is the sole reason for both exploitation and utilization of youth in the decease and construction of any nation enjoyively. It is a fact that, the nations building is highly dependent on youth. Youth is that spark which needs no ignition. Youth is that efficacious resource, which can either construct or destruct the whole nation. No doubts youth should step forward to take up on the responsibility in development the nation. The countrys lead should also embrace youths, as well as youth organisations, as they are the leaders of the future and would contribute to the nation-building efforts 2.Awareness among youth is to be raised about the development issues and their potential roles in the country. It is also beta to involve young people in the consultative process of conception policies that affect youth. If young people are inexperienced at work, they exit also be inexperienced about policies but there are any(prenominal) important lessons th at we have learned. For example, youths in their upper teens and 20s have been consulted, if not in closing- qualification, at least in informing them about legislation that would affect their lives. As such, the government policies and constitutional provisions which safeguard the needy pass on continue to be implemented.Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak said that the 1Malaysia concepts ultimate objective is to achieve national unity among its people. He said In other words, 1Malaysia is a concept to foster unity in Malaysians of all races based on several important determine which should become the practice of every Malaysian 3. Malaysia is a formula which serves as a prerequisite to contain realisation of the countrys aspiration to achieve true nation status by 2020 if it is assimilated in the people and practised by society. If Bangsa Malaysia (the Malaysian race) outlined in Vision 2020 is the ultimate objective of this journey, then 1Malaysia is the head up point ing the way towards that objective. As such, youth leadership is one of the very important elements to check up on that the concept would not deviate from what had been agreed to by our forefathers. In fact, 1Malaysia values and respects the ethnic identities of every community in Malaysia and regards them as assets to be proud of. Youth in order to make his/her country highly- essential, has to sacrifice not only their lives by protecting their country at the borders but also has to protect from internal threats, and make the society a healthy place to live. It is possible only, if the youth realize to stay healthy by sacrificing selfishness, laziness, evilness etc., and by thinking dedicatedly for the growth of nation.Ignorance, fear, prejudice and apathy, if left unchecked, are fertile ground for bearing hatred, extremism, fatalism and fanaticism, which are the root causes of the worlds ills. So, youths of today play very substantive role to reason strong leadership potential , personal drive, and a making love and energy for making a difference in our community and country. No obstacle is too high, too deep or too wide for us to overcome if all of us especially the young generation who will be the leaders of tomorrow willing to join hands, think and act together as 1World. By quoting an old Malay proverb that Together, people could conquer all peaks and traverse all valleys. One way to inculcate youth leadership, youth can put down in the youth leadership academy 4. The Youth Leadership Academy is dedicated to nurture and to build capabilities of future young leaders. As a participant, we will have the opportunity to improve our leadership skills, and be inspired by Malaysias most successful corporate leaders and young professionals. It is true that, youth is highly amendable, but one must show the guts to take up the challenge to bespeak the youth to a correct path.The central purpose of advocating youth leadership is to support youth in taking the initiative to engage in civic and community activities in order to build on their strengths and self-confidence and to work together as a team in building leadership skills. Youth leadership groups are similar to other youth development groups in that they are structured to offer youth educational, interesting material and resources that address current youth issues. Youth leadership groups are run by the youth themselves, but facilitated by a staff person in your program. Because the groups are self-directed by youth, the facilitator should serve as a support and guide for youth development.The key for the 1Malaysia concept is to practise mutual respect and swan among the different races in Malaysia. However, mutual respect is not except tolerance 5. That is just the bare minimum. Mutual respect means we have embraced unity in diversity. And secondly, we must trust one another. But trust is not something gained overnight. But if through consciously over time, it will eventually happen. Once trust is developed, Malaysia will be the sum total of all races. We will not be touching as separate communities but as one Malaysia and we will be stronger. It will be a new Malaysia because well change our mindset because we trust and respect for each one other. We hope all will join us to bring Malaysia to greater heights. That is wherefore youth leadership programs come in practised whereby they enable the youths to learn from the best, and really develop themselves personally and professionallyAccording to the National Centre on Secondary Education and Transition, youth leadership activities can help contributing to and being knob contend in promoting the well being of the community, exploitation and using a positive attitude within leadership activities, developing strong, trustworthy relationships with responsible adults and peers, interacting and collaborating with man-to-mans from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, participating in a wide array of career exploration activities, maintaining a commitment to donnish and lifelong learning, maintaining and demonstrating a healthy lifestyle.In a nutshell, the core elements of unity are, firstly, the attitude of acceptance among the races and the people, secondly, principles of nationhood based on the Federal Constitution and the Rukun Negara (National Ideology), and, thirdly, social justice. As such, the government policies and constitutional provisions which safeguard the needy will continue to be implementedMalaysia has come a long way since its independence. It has survived the Japanese occupation, followed by colonization by the British Empire. After twelvemonths of power struggle and much bloodshed, Malaysia is now 52 years old and growing since it freed itself from the grip of external forces. However, independence was not the final objective of Malaysia. Inspired by the struggle of our forefathers, Malaysia craves for global recognition as a developed nation as well as a place on the world map. Who then is to lead Malaysia into achieving this particular dream? The answer is definitely not the current leaders as human is of finite life. It is worth mentioning a quote from our former premier, His Excellency YAB Tun Dato Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad during one of the recent Malaysian Business Council meetings. He (Dr. Mahathir) mentioned that most of the present council appendages will not be present on the morning of January 1, 2020 instead, the great bulk of work that must be carried out to ensure Malaysia as a full developed nation will obviously have to be done by the present generations youth. However, the current leaders should not neglect their role in guiding them (the youths) as well as lay the secure foundations that the youths will build upon 6.The ultimate aim of Vision 2020 is to make Malaysia a fully developed country, hoping that Malaysians born today and in the years to come will be the last generation of citizens to live in a country that is called developing. What then you mogul ask is a fully developed country? Just as Dr. Mahathir put it, a developed country should not only be developed in the economic sense but also be fully developed along with all other dimensions namely politics, social, life sentenceual, psychology and purification 7. The said(prenominal) criteria carry a significant amount of truth in them. In terms of politics, if the ruling government is corrupted and insensitive towards the community he or she serves, the country will not be able to progress. An unstable political system often results in chaos as it results in public demonstrations whereby in some cases, violent clashes between citizens and the nations defense body may occur. Violent situations like this creates an image of fear and insecurity and often these are the major factors that influences the decision of foreign investors on whether to invest, continue investing or to pull out. As mentioned earlier on, human life is finite, h ence the current governing body will need replacement someday and this replacement will ultimately be make headwayed by the current generation the youths.From the above paragraphs, it is noted of the significant role the youths of today will have to bear in the future. What about the current youths? How are they contributing towards the nations growth? Youth bodies or communities such as B.R.A.T.S., Rakan Muda, YouthSays, and the like are led by youths and for youths. Its activities comprise of finish, social, sports, and etcetera. So how is it this a contributing factor towards the countrys development? Recalling what Dr. Mahathir mentioned earlier on, the development of the country should be developed along with other dimensions such as, social, spiritual, psychology and culture. Youth bodies such as the aforementioned promotes social bonding activities via forums, sports, support groups, and so forth. Further more than, Malaysian culture can be promoted too via its cultural ac tivities in the form of dance, drama, music, and so on. As mentioned earlier on, these bodies are led by youths for youths and it is only through successful leadership that will go for all these activities to be executed successfully. In other words, the present youths too contribute towards the developing of our nation.To sum it all, youths whether it is present or future play a major role in contributing towards the success of Vision 2020 furthermore the development of the country. Let it be present or future, it is the youths that will eventually succeed their predecessors moreover lead the country towards its goals and vision. The capability of youths is powerful as displayed in their current activities and they are inevitably going to be the nations upcoming successful leaders. This is why youths are the key in succeeding the countrys Vision 2020.EFFORT TO INCULCATE YOUTH LEADERSHIPS IN MALAYSIA YOUNG ENGINEERS AND PARTIES INVOLVEDEmpowering youths towards leaderships enables all of us to get involved in nation building besides promoting national unity and social integration as well as becoming the role models in the society. Efforts has been undertaken to clothe youths with the necessary skills and qualities to ensure them of a better future and to meet the accelerated pace of economic development and the changes in the environment.The strategic thrusts for the development of youths will be as follows 8Empowering youths for the future through improved access to education and trainingIncreasing participation of youths in youth organizationsInculcating the spirit of competitiveness among youthsStrengthening the effective framework of youth development programsPromoting national unity and social integration.To encourage youths to participate actively in nation-building, their accessibility to education and training will be further enhanced while leadership and skills training, entrepreneurial development and healthy lifestyles program can be carried out more extensively. In addition, self-confidence and discipline are positive elements which should be incorporated in the character building program. Measures shall be undertaken to increase the accessibility of the youths into life-long learning program through distance education and non-formal education as an effort to ensure balanced development. With the healthy mental and physical attributes, excellence results in nation growth could be achieved.According to the 9th Malaysian Plan, National Youth Research Institute will be established to undertake research in six areas, namely socialization of youths, culture and religion, youth potentials and integrity, youth organizations, leadership and volunteerism, education as well as political awareness. Besides, national youth act Youth Societies and Youth Development 2007 has been introduced to ensure the youth programs are implemented in an integrated, coordinated and synergistic manner.In the aspect of leadership training, effort has been put to build a new straining of young leaders as prime movers of development. In this regard, the curriculum of leadership training program could be strengthened to make it more proactive and relevant to future needs. It is estimated that about 100,000 youths, including NGO leaders, will be expert under this program 8.The government will continue to develop and instil leadership qualities among youths by conducting courses and training on good values and positive attitudes. Special courses on values will also be conducted to mould youths as responsible citizens and role models in society. Greater awareness on the important role of youths in forging and promoting unity towards building a united Malaysian nation has been applyn priority in the leadership training programsA quality youth leader should equip themselves with soft skills in order to outperform as a nation builder. As Malaysia is a multi racial country, interaction and communication among each other should be furt her enhanced in order to bring our nation to leap on a larger step of improvement with all of us working together on it. Hence, to check racial polarization among youths, more multi racial youth organizations could be established to allow for greater interaction among them. In addition, good moral values such as understanding, harmony, respect for the culture and tradition of other races, goodwill and trust will also be inculcated among the youths to enhance nation building efforts. The private sector will also be encouraged to contribute to youth training as part of their social responsibility. More active participation of youths at the international level could be promoted through intergovernmental and non-governmental institutions.In effort of nation building involving wide range of people, the implementation of Rakan Muda classs has been strengthened to focus on specific target groups, particularly youths who are out of the education system and the unemployed youths as they are more vulnerable and easily influenced to be involved in negative and unhealthy activities. In this regard, Rakan Muda Program will focus on efforts to create role models among youths who are caring, skilled and dynamic. In addition, these programs will also focus on enhancing cooperation amongst agencies involved in the social agenda 8.A program named, Program Memperkasakan Tenaga Muda, will be implemented specially for youths who are not selected for PLKN. Activities and modules under the PLKN will be carried out to ensure those who are not selected for the PLKN training to be exposed to similar program which helps a lot in character building towards quality leaderships. To better prepare students for the PLKN, the Government will incorporate this program into the co-curricular and curriculum in secondary schools. The participants of the PLKN will be encouraged to join Rakan Muda Program to continuously nurture the spirit of volunteerism and solidarity amongst them 8.The various s kills and leadership training program aimed at empowering youths has been undertaken by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development and Ministry of Human Resources.Nevertheless, combating social problems among youths could help in nation building. The measures should be taken to avoid the youth from influences by negative and unhealthy activities, but on the other hand improving self inner qualities in order to contribute to the country as well as leading the nation towards progressive development. During the Ninth Malaysian Plan period, the Government has continued to give emphasis on preventive and rehabilitative program to combat social problems among youths. Closer cooperation between the local communities and government agencies in stemming crimes among youths will be established. In addition, training program for youths in the high-risk crime group will be carried out to nurture them to become responsible citizens.Apart from producing a profitable and disciplined young generation, youth development program should continue to focus on skills training and entrepreneurial development to encourage self-employment among youths. They will be trained to be resilient and to withstand challenges in a competitive environment through on-the-job training and exposure to real work situations. This is to prepare ourselves towards real time challenge as we ultimately will come to work environment and contributes in different aspect or in different fields. Youth leadership program had given emphasis on the role of youths in society and fostering national unity with a sense of common and shared destiny.ROLE OF YOUNG ENGINEERS AND SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLESOne may see an engineer as a person with a university education in engineer who may take an idea and turn it into a useful thing for other people to use. An engineer may make a better mouse trap, or tell people how best to build a bridge or a skyscraper. Whatever things to they wish to do, an engineer is to make sure people are safe and the next is to improve life. They can become very good engineers who can handle tools and machineries. Die-hards and loyal engineers to these perceptions have been losing out in terms of managerial positions, wealth and leadership to those who are enterprising and see business as well as quality management as prime factors to improve life, build better bridges and skyscrapers.In this fast changing world, the expectations towards engineers have changed. Engineers have to leave their cocoon if they wish to be better engineers of today and see the humans of life which is getting more sophisticated and complex. They need skills to manage people, technology, money, physical facilities, time, money and other resources. In addition, they also need to communicate effectively with society and other non-engineering people from various professions. Prestigious universities in the USA have been pushing for changes in their engineering pro grams. One might wonder why and whats female genital organ the sudden push by universities to produce people-smart engineers?Successful engineers must learn to be a leader not mere follower neither only as a faithful employees in an organization. These skills and knowledge shall be acquired from the humanities and social sciences disciplines. An engineer must no longer a person who is start away from things and challenges to be confronted as they can be better engineers, scientists and wealthy entrepreneur with their equipped technical and interpersonal skills as well as passion in solving problems for improvements. engine room is a profession that covers a wide variety of disciplines. The tasks and studies of the various fields of engineering are vastly different, though each requires problem solving through the use of mathematical and scientific principles. Such fields include civil, electrical, aerospace, computer, chemical, environmental and mechanical engineering. No matter w hat will be the speciality, it requires a time-consuming, intense course of study and efforts beginning as far back as high school in order to become a well equipped engineer.Throughout the years, our government has increases its access to education and training especially on engineering field. We generate young professionals to enhance income generation capabilities, as well as life quality improvement of Malaysians. Nevertheless, the education and training system on engineering field has yet to be restructured, especially with greater private sector exponentiation in order to cater for the demand and needs of our local industries in their specified fields.Aspiring engineers should focus on developing different types of skills such as detail oriented, keen analytical skill, good communicator, able to work on a team, able to build and improve the way things work, or germinal thinker. It is not easy to become a successful engineer in this world without any long journey of hard work. In Malaysia, there are a lot of successful engineer born in this country.Associate prof Dr. Law Chung Lim is a lecture from The University of Nottingham. Associate Professor Dr. Law Chung Lim of the School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the Malaysia Campus was conferred the Young Engineer Award by the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM). This demonstrate comes in recognition of Chung Lims involvement in various academic and research undertakings, as well as his societal and voluntary commitments and contributions 9.Chung Lim has served the Institution of Engineers (IEM) since Jan 2004 and is actively involved in its activities. He has arrange technical talks and technical visits for the Chemical Engineering Technical Division and has reported six events in the bulletin Jurutera over the years. Further to this, Chung Lim was a member in the sub-committee of Career and Guidance of Admission Practical Training Committee and IEM Computer Lab Project Committee in 20 05. In addition, he served the initiative and 2nd Malaysian ChemECar Competition organising committee as a secretary, MC semen judge in 2004 and 2005. Besides, he also served as secretary cum treasurer and chemical risk and health assessor for the regional ChemECar competition which was held in KL in conjunction with the Asia Pacific Confederation on Chemical Engineering Conference, APPChE. Chung Lim also contributes to the surveiling of manuscripts submitted to the Jurnal IEM 9.Over the years, Chung Lim has worked extensively on various research areas which has give a lot of important outcome in many aspects, ranging from research publication, equipment design, fruit development and many other researches. He innovatively modified a conventional fluidized bed dryer and proposed two modified fluidised bed dryers, viz. baffled fluidised bed dryer and two-stage cross flow fluidised bed dryer. The inventions won him a bronze and a gold medal in 2003 and 2005 respectively. Chung Lim obtained two e-Science research grants from the Ministry of Science, Technology and psychiatric hospital (MOSTI) and involved in three MOSTI grants which amount to over RM1.25 million. He has published more than seventy five papers including journal articles, handbook chapters, book chapters and review articles and conference papers. He has produced five equipment designs, fabricated and commissioned three prototypes of unit operation, conducting three product development projects, supervising seven postgraduates, received two honour of excellence from the institution, and two awards of best paper 9.As a researcher who is actively involved in drying and dehydration, Chung Lim receives requests to review manuscripts submitted to various journals, namely Drying technology, Canadian daybook of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Science, Jurnal of IEM, Pertanika and Jurnal Teknologi. Over the years, he has reviewed more than fifty five manuscripts and technical papers. Chung Lim received a certificate, medal and a prize award of RM500.00. Speaking after receiving the award, Chung Lim said, I shall continue to strive hard to remain worthy of this award. I shall uphold professionalism, make more contribution to promote engineering as a profession and conduct more impactful researches to the enrichment of knowledge 9.CONCLUSIONNation building is a collective effort of all citizens. As an old saying goes the youth are not only the leaders of tomorrow but also the partners of today. The Youth, as the energetic ambitious and highly capable people, have the responsibility, passion and power of being at the fore-front in developing the nation in a democratic and constructive way.Undoubtedly, Youth leadership is a significant element to ensure the concept of One Malaysia would not deviate from what had been agreed to by our forefathers. Also, Youth play a very important role to demonstrate their potential, motivation and passions of making a different in our com munity. The young generation, as tomorrows leaders have to think together as one. The opportunity of improving our leadership skills is being given to us by taking part in civic and community activities. Youth leadership programmes will give emphasis on the role of youths in society and fostering national unity with a sense of common and shared destiny to develop the mutual trust and respect among different races in Malaysia at the young age and promote the well-being of the country. Moreover, Youth organisations are important and contribute to Malaysian nation-building and development because youth organisations have served as a training ground for many national leaders in Malaysian history. As empowerment emphasizes development of collective rather than individual goals, it will henceforth lead to capacity building and setting the agenda for changes for Malaysia.In an effort to attain developed nation status by the year 2020, the Malaysian government has made strategic thrusts for the development of youths by improving the access to education and training, inculcating the spirit of competitiveness among youths, strengthening the legal framework of youth development programs increasing participation of youths in youth organizations, and promoting national unity and social integration.Most importantly, the essay would not bring any benefits if we did not know the roles of young engineers in building this nation. With the profession of many disciplines, engineers should not only develop their personal technical skill but also be creative thinker, good communicator and think positively to distribute to group success.In fact, youth leaders, as the powerful pressure groups and guardians of transparency, will enable themselves to query government policies and cognitive process for corrective action to be taken for the development of a Malaysian Malaysia. According to Abdul Rahman Embong, Malaysians (especially with the emergence of a middle class) would like to ha ve greater commonwealth and a stronger civil society. This is essential for youth organisations and their leaders to champion these new challenges to check and balance in all major issues, government policies and implementation, because youth comprises a significant proportion of the Malaysian population.

A lost lady :: essays research papers

Once apon a time in the little town of Sweet urine there lived a beautiful women by the name of Mrs. Forrester. Mr. & Mrs. Forrester only came to Sweet Water in the spend. When they could enjoy the grassy slopes, tall thick trees, the cool pour and especially they beautiful roses, that Mr. Forrester loved so a good deal.But when the winter came they would pack up and leave. During the winter months they would stay i Denver or Colorado Springs and socialize with all their well to do friends.The Forresters were very well to do. Being in the railroad business, they were able to travel back and forth and not worry well-nigh the expence.All the boys in Sweet Water absolutly loved Mrs. Forrester, because she was a beautiful and fair women. When she spoke to them she treated them with respect and equality, something they werent use to.One boy named Niel Herbert took a liking to Mrs. Forrester. His uncle, Judge Pommeroy ran the local law practice in town, and the Forresters were his cli ents. So when ever Judge had to go on business to the Forresters estate Niel gladly labeled along.One winter Mr. Forrester lay ill at the Antlers in Colorado Springs. He had fallen while on his horse and had been layed up all winter.When onslaught came Mrs. Forrester brought him back to Sweet Water. But on their return Niel noticed that he still walked with a cane and had grown much heavier. After this accident it became much harder for Mr. Forrester to travel so the Forresters started to stay in Sweet Water all year round.As Niel grew up he started to study law with his uncle. But the more he studied the more he didnt like it, so he decided to go east and sttend a school to become an architect.When Niel came home for the summer he met his old buddy Ivy Peters. Ivy told him he was now practicing law and he had also rented out some of the Forresters land and turned the fen into a wheat field.Upon his return to Sweet Water Niel found that both Mr.& Mrs. Forrester were failing in he alth. They had lost their fortune in the railroad and were living by themselves in Sweet Water, they had to let their help go because they couldnt afford to pay them any longer.Now that they no longer had help Mrs.

College Athletes Should Be Paid Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Athl

College athletics is a billion dollar industry and has been for a long time. Due to the increase ratings of college athletics, this figure entrust continue to rise. Its simple bigger, faster, stronger jockstraps will generate more money. College Universities generate so much revenue during the year that it is only bonnie to the players that they limit a cut. College athletes should get paid based on the universitys revenue, app atomic number 18l sales, and lack of spending money. I believe that college rollicks should be considered a profession. Athletes deserve to be paid for their work. College athletics are a critical part of Americas culture and economy. At the present time, student-athletes are considered amateurs. College is a stepping-stone to the schoolmaster leagues. The NCAA is exploiting the student- athlete. Big-time schools are running a national entertainment business that controls the compensation rate of the players like a monopoly (Byers 1). According to the NC AA regulations an athlete will lose his/her eligibility if they are paid to play sign a contract with an agent receive a salary, incentive payment, award, gratuity educational expenses or allowances or play on a professional team. The word amateur in sports has stood for positive values compared to professional, which has had just the opposite. The professional sport has meant bad and degrading while the amateur sport has meant good and elevating. William Geoghegan, Flyer News sports editor writes, Would paying athletes tarnish the ideal of amateurism? Maybe, but being fair is far more important than upholding an ideal (Geoghehan 1). most people say that college athletes get paid by having a lore, but if you look at it a different way, scholarships might change your mind. Coaches try to get players who they think look at the talent to make them win and to persuade them to come to their school by offering them scholarships. The whole idea behind a scholarship is to lure the athlete into coming to your school. Scholarships are nothing more than a recruitment tactic. They will give you a scholarship as long as you produce for them. Its all about what you can do for them. Indeed these scholarships pay for tuition, room and board, and books, but these athletes dont live money for separate necessities. The NCAA doesnt want friends or boosters to offer athletes jobs because they ... ...hletes recruited to attend college come from lower, working-class families. The opportunity to enter the draft early to help their families financially is one that will hardly be passed by.On the issue of college athletes getting paid, I believe they should. When I mean getting paid I only mean a stipend or weekly check, not thousands or millions. All the hard work and dedication they put into their sport and academics are worthy enough. I have had a chance to play collegiate sports and it takes a lot out of you mentally and physically. The student athletes deserve at least enough money to have a normal student life. $300-$400 a month should give athletes enough money to get the required necessities. All this does is replace the notion of the athlete getting a job for a source of income. This will also help reduce the rate at which athletes accept money, cars, and gifts from boosters. When athletes get caught accepting something from a booster it looks bad on the athlete and the college. So, in my opinion yes college athletes should get paid, there is too much money that the universities have earned floating well-nigh going unanswered for the athletes not to get their cut.